Anticholinergics inhibits parasympathetics, by blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [specifically, its binding to its receptor in neurons]. Parasympathetics are responsible for involuntary movement of smooth muscle present in the GI, urinary tract,...

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is significant loss of blood following childbirth. Dx Loss >500mL of blood within the first 24 hours, in a vaginal delivery Loss >1,000mL, in a Caesar Some definitions worldwide also require...

Route of administration is the path by which a drug is taken into the body. Oral po is shorthand for Per oral Rectally PR is shorthand for Per rectum (it can also refer to Rectal...

Shoulder dystocia is a case of obstructed labor, where shortly after the delivery of the head, the anterior shoulder of the infant can't pass below because it is obstructed by...

Jugular venous pressure (JVP) is the indirectly observed pressure, over the venous system, as observed over the internal jugular vein. JVPNE/JVPNR is shorthand for JVP not elevated/raised. [faq]What is JVP. And what...

Hib vaccine (aka Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine) is a conjugate vaccine developed for the prevention of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria. [faq]What is Hib vaccine? It's a vaccine made to...

Colon cancer (aka colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, bowel cancer) is cancer in the large intestine (e.g. colon, appendix, rectum). [faq]What is colon cancer, and how does it differ from colorectal, rectal, and...

Congenital heart defect (CHD) are defects in the structure of the heart (and great vessels) present at birth. Classification Hypoplasia, which typically results in the underdevelopment of the R ventricle or the...

Road injury is where a vehicle collides with another inanimate object (e.g. vehicle, tree, utility pole, road debris), or animate object (e.g. pedestrian, animal), causing injury, death, but also property (including...

Body temperature (shorthand Temp) is measured by a thermometer. Pathophysiology It depends on a number of factors, including: Location of measurement, typically from highest to lowest, being internal (rectal, vaginal), oral, and then skin....