Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion (aka water on the lung) is excess fluid accumulating between the 2 pleural layers that surround the lungs.
Pathophysiology
Although normally containing fluid, excessive amounts can impair breathing by limiting the...
Paget disease of the breast
Paget’s disease of the breast is a malignant condition that outwardly may have the appearance of eczema, with skin changes involving the nipple of the breast.
Epidemiology
It is an uncommon disease...
Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a 3rd copy of genes on chromosome 21.
Pathophysiology
Caused by 3 copies of the genes on chromosome 21, rather than the usual 2. This...
Murmur
Murmur is an auscultatable sound caused by turbulent flow of blood, caused by stenosis (i.e. restriction of heart valve opening) or regurgitation (i.e. allowing backflow of blood through an incompetent valve that incompletely closses). This...
Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the receiving of blood products into circulation via IV. The purpose is to replace lost components of blood.
[faq]What is a blood transfusion?
It's where you receive blood into your...
Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (aka vitamin K deficiency bleeding, VKDB) is a coagulation disturbance in newborns due to vitamin K deficiency.
Pathophysiology
As a consequence of vitamin K deficiency, there is...
Fibrocystic breast
Fibrocystic breast [disease] is a condition where breast tissue, affecting an estimated 45% of women, and at least 50% of women of childbearing age.
Sx
Noncancerous breast lumps, which can sometimes cause...
Pseudomembranous colitis
Pseudomembranous colitis (aka Clostridium difficile colitis) is colitis (inflammation of the large intestine) caused by infection by Clostridium difficile (spore-forming bacterium).
Sx
Infectious diarrhea, called C difficile associated diarrhea
Latent Sx often mimic...
Infections in pregnancy
Infections in pregnancy are, because there is an increased susceptibility or severity of several infectious diseases.
Risk factors
Increased immune tolerance in pregnancy to prevent an immune reaction against the fetus
Maternal physiological changes...
Pelvic exam
Pelvic exam is a physical exam of the female pelvic organs.
Method
External examination, including:
Examination and palpate the vulva, perianal area, vaginal canal, for erythema, swelling, excoriation, rash, lesions, masses, trauma
Examine for...