Valve regurgitation (aka valve incompetence, valve insufficiency) is a heart valve does not close properly, causing back flow of blood [in the opposite direction from normal]. [faq]What is valve regurgitation? It's where a...

Gravidity and parity (G/P/A) are terms relating to pregnancy. Definition It is the number of times a female has: Gravidity means having been pregnant, regardless of whether it has been brought to viability (yet alone...

Jugular venous pressure (JVP) is the indirectly observed pressure, over the venous system, as observed over the internal jugular vein. JVPNE/JVPNR is shorthand for JVP not elevated/raised. [faq]What is JVP. And what...

HPV (human papillomavirus) is a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family that is capable of infecting humans. [faq]What is HPV? It's a DNA virus, that can infect people.[/faq] Pathophysiology Like all papillomaviruses, it establishes...

Fluid replacement is the replenishment of bodily fluids lost through various means (sweating, bleeding, fluid shift, or other pathological processes). [faq]What is fluid replacement? It's where we replenish the body with fluids....

IV cannulation (IVC, aka peripheral venous catheter) is the insertion of a cannula into a vein. Arterial cannulation is a variation involving insertion into an artery (commonly the radial artery) to...

Ingrown nail (aka onychocryptosis, from Greek "onyx" meaning "nail", "kryptos" meaning "hidden", ingrown toenail, unguis incarnatus) is a nail disease. Sx Painful condition in which the nail grows so that it cuts...

Hemophilia (from Greek "heme" meaning "blood", and "philia" meaning "love") are hereditary genetic disorders that impair ability to control blood clotting, which is used to stop bleeding. [faq]What is hemophilia? So the word,...

Hemorrhoids are vascular structures in the anal canal which cushion to help with stool control. Hemorrhoidal disease (aka piles) is inflammation (or swelling) causing pathology. [faq]What is a hemorrhoid? I know hemorrhage means...

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (aka GERD) is a chronic disease where stomach acid comes up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing mucosal damage. Reflux is where this occurs in babies and young children, and...