Bleeding during pregnancy (aka threatened miscarriage), is bleeding in the first 2 trimesters (weeks 0-28), specifically, 24 weeks (i.e seen during pregnancy prior to viability), and has yet to be assessed further. [faq]What is...

CCB's (calcium channel blockers) reduce blood pressure. MOA Disrupts movement of calcium through calcium channels, thereby: Reducing BP Slowing HR Reducing force of contraction of the heart Unlike beta blockers, CCB don't decrease responsiveness of heart to...

Gonorrhea (aka the clap, gonococcal infection) is a bacterial STI. Pathophysiology Caused by N. gonorrhoeae Sx In men: Dysuria Penile discharge In women: Can be asymptomatic (50%) Vaginal discharge Pelvic pain Ix PCR Traditionally, Dx with gram stain and culture. However, culture can still be...

Colostomy is a surgical procedure in which a stoma (opening) is formed by drawing the healthy end of the large intestine (or colon) through an incision in the anterior abdominal...

Anticoagulants are drugs that prevent coagulation (clotting) of blood. They can occur naturally in leeches and blood-sucking insects. Uses Used as medications: To prevent: DVT PE MI Ischemic stroke To Tx: Atrial fibrillation PE DVT Venous thromboembolism CHF Stroke MI Genetic or acquired hypercoagulability Medical equipment (e.g. test...

Excision (-ectomy, from Greek "ectomy" meaning "act of cutting out") is complete surgical removal of an organ, tissue, bone, or tumor from the body. Examples include: Adenectomy, excision of a gland Adenoidectomy, excision of...

Spondyloarthropathy (aka spondyloarthrosis) is a class of joint diseases of the vertebral column, from any type of joint disease, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Spondylarthritis is spondyloarthropathy with inflammation. Seronegative spondyloarthropathies is the...

Anticholinergics inhibits parasympathetics, by blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine [specifically, its binding to its receptor in neurons]. Parasympathetics are responsible for involuntary movement of smooth muscle present in the GI, urinary tract,...

Group and hold (aka group and screen, G&S, or type and screen) are tests conducted prior to blood transfusion. [faq]What's group and hold? Tests done before a blood transfusion. What's a blood transfusion? Where you get...

Beta2-adrenergic agonists are drugs that act on the beta2-adrenergic receptor. [faq]What are beta agonists? It's a drug that acts on a receptor, that is usually activated by adrenaline. It does things like...