Hashimoto's thyroiditis (aka chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) is an autoimmune disease causing primary hypothyrodism. Pathophysiology The thyroid gland is attacked by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes Epidemiology 1st disease recognized to be...

Graves' disease (aka toxic diffuse goiter, Flajani-Basedow-Graves disease) is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid. Sx Hyperthyroidism Enlarged thyroid Irritability Muscle weakness Sleeping problems Fast heartbeat Poor tolerance of heat Diarrhea Weight loss Pretibial myxedema (thickening of the skin on...

[Chronic] autoimmune thyroiditis is where the body interprets the thyroid glands and its hormone products T3, T4 and TSH as threats, thus producing special antibodies that target the thyroid's cells, thereby...

Placental insufficiency (aka utero-placental insufficiency) is insufficient blood flow to the placenta during pregnancy. It is also used to designate late decelerations of fetal HR as measured by electronic monitoring, even...

Cardiovascular disease (aka heart disease) are diseases involving the heart, kidney, and peripheral arterial diseases. Classification Coronary artery disease/Ischemic heart disease Cardiomyopathy Hypertensive heart disease Heart failure Pulmonary heart disease Cardiac arrhythmias Inflammatory heart disease (endocarditis, myocardis, inflammatory...

Guillain-Barre syndrome (aka Landry's paralysis) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness. Sx Changes in sensation Develop pain Followed by muscle weakness, beginning in the feet and hands Sx develop over 0.5 days-2 weeks Pathophysiology Due to damage to...

[Urinary] catheterization is the insertion of a urinary catheter (i.e. latex, polyurethane or silicone tube) that is inserted into a Pt's bladder via the urethra. Usually a practitioner performs the...

Catheterization (from Greek "kathiemai" meaning "let down") is a use of a catheter (i.e. thin, usually flexible tube), that can be inserted in the body to Tx diseases or perform a...

Cholinergic (aka parasympathomimetic, cholinomimetic) are drugs that stimulates the PNS (parasympathetic nervous system) MOA Drugs can act either by: Directly stimulating the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors, thus mimicking acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter used...

Overflow incontinence involves the involuntary release of urine from an overly full urinary bladder, that has retention of urine, often in the absence of any urge to urinate. Pathophysiology It is due...