Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebra, especially the 5th lumbar vertebra, most commonly occurring after a fracture. Retrolisthesis is backward displacement. These slips occur most commonly in the...

Vomiting (aka emesis) is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of stomach's contents, through the mouth, and sometimes the nose. Nausea is the feeling one is about to vomit, but doesn't necessarily...

Bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in urine, but NOT if the bacteria's presence is due to contamination from the urine sample collection. Cause UTI's, either cystitis or pyelonephritis, especially if the...

Laparoscopy (aka minimally invasive surgery, keyhole surgery) is a surgical technique where operations are performed away from their actual location, through small incisions (usually 0.5-1.5cm) elsewhere in the body. Laparoscopy includes...

Thiamine deficiency causes: Korsakoff's syndrome, involving amnesia, and psychiatric manifestations Wernicke's encephalopathy, which affects the CNS, involving a triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion Beriberi, which affects the PNS (polyneuritis), and the cardiovascular...

Vasopressor (aka antihypotensive) is a drug which increases reduced BP. Classification Sympathomimetics, including: Epinephrine Noradrenaline hydrotartrate Phenylephrine Dobutamine Dopamine Ephedrine hydrochloride Midodrine Amezinium Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, including: Hydrocortisone Prednisone, prednisolone Dexamethasone, betamethasone Fludrocortisone Positive inotropic agents, including: Cardiac glycosides Amrinone Milrinone Psychotropics, including: Amphetamine Atomoxetine Bupropion Duloxetine Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Reboxetine Venlafaxine Analeptics, including: Bemegride Caffeine Camphora Cordiamine Myotropic drugs Angiotensinamide S-alkylisothiouronium derivatives

[Human] CMV (cytomegalovirus, from Greek "cyto" meaning "cell", "megalo" meaning "large", aka human herpesvirus-5 HHV-5) are a genus of viruses. Human and monkeys serve as natural hosts. Pathophysiology There are currently 8 species...

Nursemaid's elbow (aka babysitter's elbow, pulled elbow, radial head subluxation) is a dislocation of the elbow joint, caused by a sudden pull on the extended pronated forearm, e.g. by an...

Mixture of 2 local anesthetics, lidocaine and prilocaine. It is used for dermal anesthesia, in IV catheter insertion, blood sampling, and superficial surgery.

Retained placenta is a placenta that hasn't undergone placental expulsion (i.e. when the placenta comes out of the birth canal after childbirth) within 30 minutes of the baby's birth where...