Quinolone are synthetic broad-spectrum antibiotics.
MOA
Quinolones and its derivatives have also been isolated from natural sources, e.g. plants, animals, bacteria, and can act as natural antimicrobials or signalling molecules
It exerts its antibacterial effect by preventing bacterial DNA from unwinding and duplicating
The majority of quinolones are fluoroquinolones, which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system, typically at the 6-position or C-7 position
Classification
Divided into generations, based on their antibacterial spectrum. The earlier generations are generally more narrow spectrum. Most are named with the -oxacin suffix. It includes:
1st generation, which are the nonfluorinated drugs. They are rarely used today:
Cinoxacin
Nalidixic acid, which is a carcinogen
Oxolinic acid
Piromidic acid
Pipemidic acid
Rosoxacin
2nd generation:
Ciprofloxacin (Enoxin, Cipro)
Enoxacin
Fleroxacin
Lomefloxacin
Nadifloxacin
Norfloxacin (NOR)
Ofloxacin
Pefloxacin
Rufloxacin
3rd generation, which is different from the 1st and 2nd generation, as it is active against streptococci, including:
Balofloxacin
Grepafloxacin
Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
Pazufloxacin
Sparfloxacin
Temafloxacin
Tosufloxacin
4th generation, which act at DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This dual action slows development of resistance. It includes:
Clinafloxacin
Gatifloxacin
Gemifloxacin
Moxifloxacin (Avelox)
Sitafloxacin
Trovafloxacin
Prulifloxacin
Adverse effects
Various Rx have been removed from clinical practice due to severe toxicity issues
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